Principles associated with their assembly and function ( Alberts 1998). To understand cellular processes it is important to characterize the elemental components of these machines and to find general Examples of such structures include proteasomes, spliceosomes, ribosomes, peroxisomes, and chromosomal replicases. Parts driven by energy-dependent conformational changes ( Alberts 1998). Nearly every major process in a cell is carried out by macromolecular machines-protein complexes with highly coordinated moving Provide a hole through which DNA or RNA can be thread this may be important for assembly or remodeling of DNA–protein complexes. The hexameric architecture often associated with this class can These proteins often perform chaperone-like functions that assist in theĪssembly, operation, or disassembly of protein complexes. ![]() To the emergence of the major divisions of life. Whole-genome analysis indicates that this class is ancient and has undergone considerable functional divergence prior Light of the structures of the clamp loader δ′ subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III and the hexamerization component of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein, provides structural and mechanistic insights into these proteins, collectively designated Of the origin recognition complex, replication factor C proteins, MCM DNA-licensing factors and the bacterial DnaA, RuvB,Īnd McrB proteins), prokaryotic NtrC-related transcription regulators, the Bacillus sporulation protein SpoVJ, Mg 2+, and Co 2+ chelatases, the Halobacterium GvpN gas vesicle synthesis protein, dynein motor proteins, TorsinA, and Rubisco activase. Among these are regulatoryĬomponents of Lon and Clp proteases, proteins involved in DNA replication, recombination, and restriction (including subunits ![]() Sequences related to the AAA family of ATPases are far more prevalent than reported previously. Using a combination of computer methods for iterative database searches and multiple sequence alignment, we show that protein
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